Thalassemia is a severe genetic blood disorder characterized by the abnormal production of hemoglobin, a vital protein in red blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. The severity of thalassemia varies, with some forms being asymptomatic and others being life-threatening. Among the available treatments, bone marrow transplants are considered the most effective for severe cases.

Types of Thalassemia

Hemoglobin consists of two types of protein chains: alpha and beta. Thalassemia is classified based on which chain is affected:

• Alpha Thalassemia: Caused by mutations in the genes that produce the alpha chains.
• Beta Thalassemia: Caused by mutations in the genes that produce the beta chains.

Symptoms of Thalassemia

The symptoms of thalassemia depend on the type and severity of the disorder. In minor forms, symptoms may be mild or nonexistent, while severe forms can be life-threatening. Common symptoms include:

• Anemia: Characterized by pallor, fatigue, discomfort, and breathing difficulties. The severity of these symptoms varies.
• Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes.
• Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen, causing pain due to the organ working harder to filter out abnormal red blood cells.
• Other Symptoms: Hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), bone deformities, iron overload, developmental delays, infections, liver problems, and heart issues such as rhythm disturbances and congestion.

Treatments for Thalassemia

Treatment strategies for thalassemia depend on the type and severity of the condition. Minor forms may require minimal intervention, while severe forms need regular management. Key treatments include:

• Correction of Anemia: Regular blood transfusions are necessary to maintain adequate levels of red blood cells.
• Vitamin B9 Supplementation: Daily supplements of vitamin B9 (folic acid) are recommended to support red blood cell production.
• Splenectomy: Surgical removal of the spleen may be required if the organ becomes too large or overactive.
• Bone Marrow Transplant: This procedure can potentially cure severe thalassemia by replacing the defective bone marrow with healthy marrow from a donor.

Understanding thalassemia and its treatments is crucial for managing this complex disorder effectively. Bone marrow transplants, in particular, offer hope for a permanent cure in severe cases, highlighting the importance of advanced medical interventions.

Thalassemia Treatment cost in India are as follow